CSS @-Rules, an Overview

Post from September 11, 2017 (↻ April 2, 2019), filed under Web Development.

Did you know that @media and @import are the two most popular at-rules? (An educated guess, please correct me if you have data showing otherwise.) But what are the other at-rules, how many are there? I felt motivated to rummage through a few specs and confirm what’s there. A brief overview, as a distant cousin of the much larger HTML elements and CSS properties indexes, and one I’ll likewise keep up-to-date.

@charset 'utf-8';

@counter-style triangle {
  system: cyclic;
  symbols: ‣;
  suffix: ' ';
}

@font-face {
  font-family: Headline;
  src: local(Futura-Medium), url(fonts.svg#MyGeometricModern) format('svg');
}

@import url('fineprint.css') print;

@keyframes diagonal-slide {

  from {
    left: 0;
    top: 0;
  }

  to {
    left: 100px;
    top: 100px;
  }

}

@media screen and (color), projection and (color) {
  /* … */
}

@namespace svg 'http://www.w3.org/2000/svg';

@page {

  color: red;

  @top-center {
    content: 'Page ' counter(page);
  }

}

@scope div {

  span {
    color: blue;
  }

}

@scope section {

  span {
    color: orange;
  }

}

@supports ( display: flex ) {
  /* … */
}

@viewport {
  width: 320px auto;
}

Missing here, for now, is @font-feature-values and related at-rules. It’s being worked on in the Level 4 Fonts Module. I’ll extend this post once anything makes it to a more official status. @document was also at one point considered, then, but got dropped.

^* @page has 16 sub-rules, from @bottom-center to @top-right-corner. I decided against listing them in the table because that seemed to reduce, not increase comprehension—after all, they’re all related to @page, and all that differs is directionality. If you feel that these sub-rules are important to call out, or if you have suggestions around the matter, please email me.

About Me

I’m Jens Oliver Meiert, and I’m a web developer and author. I love trying things, including in the fields of philosophy, art, and adventure. Here on meiert.com I share some of my thoughts and experiences.

If you have any suggestions or questions about what I write, leave a comment or a message.

Read More

Have a look at the most popular posts, possibly including:

• In Defense of Bad Luck
• The Cost of Frameworks, Illustrated

Perhaps my most relevant book: CSS Optimization Basics (2018). Writing CSS is a craft. As craftspeople we strive to write high quality CSS. In CSS Optimization Basics I lay out the, at least some of the most important aspects of such CSS.

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