1 + 1 = 3: Explaining Busyness and Background Noise on Websites
Post from January 18, 2007 (↻ February 5, 2022), filed under Art and Design.
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“1 + 1 = 3 (or more)” is an important design effect described by Josef Albers and Edward Tufte. It means that two elements in close proximity cause a visible interaction:
Figure: 1 + 1 = 3. (Copyright Al Globus.)
This interaction can result in perceiving information that is not there. Beside having a negative because distracting and distorting impact on charts and graphics it can also, to use Steve Krug’s words, cause undesirable “busyness” and “background noise” on websites.
Therefore, “1 + 1 = 3” is one of the effects you want to avoid, at least be aware of, when creating graphs and designing websites. (Of course, a designer always wants to keep information design principles in mind.) Edward Tufte’s books are invaluable resources in this regard, and I recommend checking out the following excellent articles:
- Al Globus on Principles of Information Display for Visualization Practitioners (German), and
- Waynes Smith on Graphics and Web Design Based on Edward Tufte’s Principles (German).
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I’m Jens Oliver Meiert, and I’m an engineering manager and author. I’ve worked as a technical lead for Google, I’m close to the W3C and the WHATWG, and I write and review books for O’Reilly. Other than that, I love trying things, sometimes including philosophy, art, and adventure. Here on meiert.com I share some of my views and experiences.
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Comments (Closed)
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On December 2, 2008, 14:51 CET, Richard Morton said:
It seems obvious when shown visually like that, and it is something that is used quite deliberately in personalising car number plates (registration plates).
I assume that the problem is also made worse by the fact that people skim read so much of the web these days, so unless it is obviously two separate elements confusion can easily arise.
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